Human Resource Development for Sustainability Competency Among Indonesian Cadets: A Cross-Stakeholder Workforce Readiness Analysis

Brenhard Mangatur  Tampubolon; April Gunawan Malau; Marihot Simanjuntak

doi:10.61255/jeemba.v4i5.1115

Authors

Brenhard Mangatur Tampubolon Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pelayaran Jakarta, Indonesia
April Gunawan Malau Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pelayaran Jakarta, Indonesia
Marihot Simanjuntak Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pelayaran Jakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61255/jeemba.v4i5.1115

Keywords:

Human Resource Development, Maritime Education, Sustainability Competency, Training Investment, Workforce Readiness

Abstract

Purpose – This study aims to examine sustainability competency development among Indonesian Nautika cadets as a human resource development investment problem, testing whether curriculum-hour allocation, treated as a training-investment decision, explains observed competency gaps and the retraining costs industry subsequently absorbs.

Design/methodology/approach – A sequential mixed-methods design surveyed 180 cadets across three sustainability competency domains, modelled the pathway linking multiliteracy instruction to vocational competency through structural equation modelling, and triangulated results against thematic analysis of three stakeholder groups, industry experts, senior lecturers, and post-placement near-graduates, supplemented by a six-week training intervention evaluated against a matched comparison group.

Findings – ESG Leadership competency scored lowest of all domains, 2.18 out of 5.00, against zero allocated training hours, while 86.7 percent of industry stakeholders reported retraining every recent graduate within six months of hire. Stewardship orientation was found to mediate the pathway from multiliteracy instruction to vocational competency, and the training intervention produced the largest effect size of any domain tested.

Originality/value – This study is among the first to treat curriculum-hour allocation explicitly as a human resource development investment decision in maritime vocational education, and to triangulate industry, lecturer, and near-graduate accounts of the resulting training gap, reframing curriculum-industry misalignment as a correctable allocation problem rather than a fixed formation cost.

Abstract views: 6 ,

PDF downloads: 6

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Barasa, L., Yando, M., & Malau, A. G. (2026). Crew resource allocation and manning management in Indonesian shipping companies: A qualitative study of competency-based crewing practices under STCW standards. Proceeding International Collaborative Conference on Multidisciplinary Science, 3(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.70062/iccms.v3i1.221

Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108

Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.

Bhattacharya, S. (2012). The effectiveness of the STCW Manila Amendments in improving competency of seafarers on ships. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 11(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-011-0015-3

Bhattacharya, Y. (2015). Employee engagement as a predictor of seafarer retention: A study among Indian officers. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 31(2), 295–318.

Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance. Wiley.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Caesar, L. D. (2013). Sustaining the supply of ship officers: Making a case for succession planning in seafarer recruitment. Universal Journal of Management, 1(1), 6–12.

Caesar, L. D., Cahoon, S., & Fei, J. (2015a). Exploring the range of retention issues for seafarers in global shipping: Opportunities for further research. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 14(1), 141–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-015-0078-0

Caesar, L. D., Cahoon, S., & Fei, J. (2015b). Training seafarers for tomorrow: The need for a paradigm shift in admission policies. Universal Journal of Management, 3(4), 160–167.

Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (2009). Multiliteracies: New literacies, new learning. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 4(3), 164–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/15544800903076044

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.

Crook, T. R., Todd, S. Y., Combs, J. G., Woehr, D. J., & Ketchen, D. J. (2011). Does human capital matter? A meta-analysis of the relationship between human capital and firm performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022147

Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Pitman.

Gerhart, B., & Feng, J. (2021). The resource-based view of the firm, human resources, and human capital: Progress and prospects. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1796–1819. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320978799

International Maritime Organization. (2011). STCW Convention and Code, including 2010 Manila Amendments. IMO Publishing.

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z

Mutohhari, F., Sudira, P., Isnantyo, F. D., & Majid, N. W. A. (2025). Generic green skills: Maturity level of vocational education teachers and students in Indonesia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 14(1), 179–187.

New London Group. (1996). A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures. Harvard Educational Review, 66(1), 60–93. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.66.1.17370n67v22j160u

Nguyen, T. T., Ghaderi, H., Caesar, L. D., & Cahoon, S. (2014). Current challenges in the recruitment and retention of seafarers: An industry perspective from Vietnam. Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 30(2), 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2014.09.005

Ployhart, R. E., & Moliterno, T. P. (2011). Emergence of the human capital resource: A multilevel model. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 127–150. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.55662569

Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Sage Publications.

Stibbe, A. (2015). Ecolinguistics: Language, ecology and the stories we live by. Routledge.

Thai, V. V., Balasubramanyam, L., Yeoh, K. L., & Norsofiana, S. (2013). Revisiting the seafarer shortage problem: The case of Singapore. Maritime Policy & Management, 40(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2012.744480

Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. (1992). Theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management. Journal of Management, 18(2), 295–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639201800205

Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. (2011). Exploring human capital: Putting 'human' back into strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2010.00165.x